Plurals: Using English Plural Nouns

In English, nouns are words that are used to identify people, places, or things. For example, the dog or the beach. But how do you make them plural?

So, if you are learning English, keep reading to find out everything you need to know about English plural nouns (with examples).

How to form plural nouns

Firstly, nouns have two forms: singular and plural. Singular form nouns refer to a single person, place, or thing and are easy to understand. For example:

‘Where is the piano?’

In this sentence, the noun is the word ‘piano’ and it is singular because there is only one. If there were more than one piano, the sentence would be:

‘Where are the pianos?’

In this case, to change the noun from singular to plural, you just add an ‘-s’. However, that isn’t the rule for every noun. We’ll look in more detail at the different plural rules for nouns below.

Plural rule #1: -s and -es suffixes

The first rule is the simplest one and follows the same pattern as the piano – pianos example we listed above. For many nouns, to form the plural, just add the suffix ‘-s’ to the noun. For example:

• orange – oranges
• pen – pens

Or, if the word ends with –ss, -x, -ch, or –sh, add the suffix ‘-es’. For example:

• dress – dresses
• fox – foxes
• bench – benches
• dish – dishes

Plural rule #2: -y and -ie suffixes

The next plural rule is that if the noun ends with ‘-y’ and is preceded by a consonant, you add ‘-es’ suffix and change the ‘-y’ to an ‘-i’. For example:

• cherry – cherries 
• puppy – puppies

However, if there is a vowel before the letter ‘-y’ (ey, ay, oy), simply add ‘–s’ without changing anything else. For example:

• monkey – monkeys
• toy – toys
• day – days

Plural rule #3: -o endings

The next rule is when a noun ends with a vowel, then an ‘-o’, you only add an ‘-s’. For example:

• pistachio – pistachios
• stereo – stereos

However, if there is a consonant before the ’-o’, in general, you add ‘-es’. For example:

• hero – heroes
• veto – vetoes

There are some cases where just an ‘-s’ is added, for example:

• piano – pianos

There are exceptions to rules in many parts of English grammar, so check in a dictionary if you’re in doubt.

Plural rule #4: -f and -fe endings

A noun ending in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ has its own rule. You have to replace ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ with ‘-v’ and add ‘-es’. For example:

• wife – wives
• knife – knives
• loaf – loaves

Be careful, though, as again there are exceptions to this rule. Not all words that end in ‘-f’ change in this way. For example:

• chef – chefs

For nouns that end ‘-ff’, just add ‘-s’. Nothing else changes. For example:

• cliff – cliffs
• puff – puffs

Plural rule #5: some ‘-s’ and ‘-z’ endings

For some nouns that end in ‘-s’ or ‘-z’, you have to double the ‘-s’ or ‘-z’ and add ‘-es’. For example:

• fez – fezzes
• gas – gasses

Irregular plural nouns in English

As the name suggests, irregular nouns are nouns that don’t follow regular rules for forming plurals. Regular plural nouns follow the rules we explained above.

These are called ‘irregular plurals’. Unfortunately, because they don’t follow any pattern, they just need to be learned and memorized.

There are also many words in the English language that are of Latin, French, or Greek origin. These also have irregular plural forms. For example:

• basis – bases 
• radius – radii
• syllabus – syllabi

Singular and plural nouns that are the same

Finally, the most straightforward nouns are those that don’t change. They are the same in both the singular and plural forms. Some of the most common are:

• sheep
• fish
• means
• species
• series
• ice
• deer